英语语法
一、简单句
(一)句子的分类
什么是英语的句子:英语必须具备主谓结构。并且主语一定是谓语动作的发出者,如果有宾语的话,宾语一定是谓语的承受着。
1.主谓
2.主谓宾
谓语:实义动词
3.主谓表
谓语:系动词
be
感官动词:look, smell(n.气味),taste(n.喜爱/喜好 have taste for sth 喜爱…..),sound(n.声音),feel
变化:become,get,turn,grow,fall
保持:keep,stay,remain,stand
表象:seem,appear
证明:prove
4.主谓双宾(少)
5.主谓宾补(少)
只需要在最后两个宾语中间加个be动词,意思通顺就是宾补,否则是双宾
(二)句子的成分(词性的问题)
1.谓语
(1)谓语的成分
有时态的系动词或实义动词充当谓语
(2)一句话当中动词能不能多(不能)
谓语只能是动词
动词只能做谓语
把一句话所有不是谓语的动词变成不是动词:
v+ing:主动
v+ed:被动
to do:目的
一句话当中只能有一个动词存在并且充当谓语,多余的动词全部变成非谓语动词。
eg1.
Pandas are the rarest members in bear family,mainly living in the forest of Chinese southwest.
eg2.
YangZi River flowing through diverse ecological systems,keeps the home of a sea of endangered species,irrigating one fifth of Chinese land.
eg3.(独立主格)
I love you,you loving me.
eg4.
Winter approaching,spring will be around the corner.
eg5.(分词作状语)
Being a teacher,I have passion for singing songs.
(3)一句话动词能不能少(不能)
一句话当中有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词或者系动词的存在,并且充当谓语。
2.主语
(1)主语的成分
名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句(引导词+句子)
(2)一句话主语能不能少(不能)
一句没有主语怎么办:
- 加it作为主语:必须与天气、温度、时间有关系。
- there be句型,听到“有”的时候使用。
- 被动:当听到一句话没有主语或者人称代词作主语,都可以考虑写成被动。
- 人称代词作主语:I、you、we
三种情况没有被动:
- 动词后面有介词时
- 系动词没有被动
- have表达”有“的意思时
eg1.
If there exits a dream,glories are supposed to be achieved.
3.宾语
(1)宾语的成分
名词、代词、非谓语动词,从句
4.表语
(1)表语的成分
名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语
(三)简单句在写作的使用
1.写作
- 所有写不来的长难句,暂时写成简单句,一定保证语法正确。
2.长难句
- 找这句话的动词,从而找到这句话的主谓宾。
- 如果一句话找到多个动词,就确定主句的谓语动词(前面没有引导词的动词)。
二、并列句
(一)什么是并列句
就是用连词连接两个句子。
(二)常见的连词
- 平行:and,not only…but also
- 平行关系副词/介词短语:similarly,equally,likewise,at the same time(同样的),in the meanwhile
- 转折:but,yet,while,whereas
- 转折关系副词/介词短语:however,nevertheless,on the contrary,conversely(但是),unexpectedly,unfortunately,by contrast
- 选择:or
- 选择关系副词/介词短语:alternatively
- 因果:for,so
- 因果关系副词/介词短语:therefore,thus,consequently,as a result
- 递进:then
- 递进关系副词/介词短语:besides,furthermore,moreover,additionally,subsequently,in addition
(三)并列句的考点分析
1.写作
写作上下句之间有逻辑关系就一定要用逻辑关系词(连词、副词、介词、介词短语)。
连词和其他逻辑词区别在于,连词前面有无逗号均可,而其他逻辑关系词前面要么用句号,要么加连词and
eg1.
Romance has evaporated,but she still misses the past.
Romance has evaporated,and on the contrary she still misses the past.
eg2.
There remain an army of companies coming from afar,and consequently I feel more than delighted.
eg3.
I am claimed changeable like water. By contrast,my clarity keeps consistent.
eg4.
Do you still keep that day in mind? I failed to pass CET4,and as result,I shed tears in the rain alone. At the same time,you came up to me and subsequently you beat my shoulder and told me “There exists no destination in life”.
2.长难句分析
在分析长难句中,只要有并列连词出现通常都会有省略。
分析长难句第二步,找连词,但是当连词在连接两个单词的时候,忽略这个连词。
那么如何查找省略的内容?一句话只要有省略就一定会省略在连词后——>所以连词后面有的成分,连词前面一定有——>连词前面有,而连词后面没有的成分便是省略的内容。
三、名词(短语)和名词性从句
(一)名词充当的成分
1.主语
2.宾语
3.表语
4.同位语
同样位置的语,用来解释名词的成分就是同位语。
只要在作文中见到名词,都可以有意识的在后面加同位语,对该名词进行补充说明。(小于2次)
充当同位语的成分:
(1)名词
(2)代词
(3)非谓语动词
(4)从句
eg1.
The movie looks terrific.
I admire his mother.
Gump is a man.
I enjoy the part,the beginning.
eg2.(写作满分句型)
I,a university student, like Eason,a well-known singer from Hong Kong.
My mother,a typical housewife,enjoy playing mahjong,a Chinese entertainment.
Persistence,an active mentally,plays a critical role in the glories of all children and adults.
(二)什么是名词性从句
名词在句子充当的成分,从句都能充当,这就是名词性从句。
1.主语从句
2.宾语从句
3.表语从句
4.同位语从句
eg1.
What I saw looks terrific.
I admire what she said.
Gump is who we should learn from.
I enjoy the part that a bird is flying.
(三)名词性从句的引导词
名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类,一共把引导词分成三类:
- 当从句是陈述句时,that没有意思并且在从句中不充当任何成分
- 当从句是一般疑问句时,并且whether/if在从句中不充当任何成分,意思是是否
- 所有的特殊疑问词:当从句是特殊疑问句时。
- 并且英语中所有的从句都是陈述句。
eg1.
I am wondering whether aliens exist.
That ladies tend to be right remains common knowledge.
My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a Chinese conventional virtue.
Someday,one will perceive that career,kinship and friendship prove more indispensable than romance.
The point seems when wealth will become available for you.
(四)名词性从句考点分析
1.写作
(1)主语从句
主语从句的满分表达:
- 把主语放在句末,加it作形式主语
- It is apparent that……….
- It looks beyond dispute that…………….(显而易见、众所周知)
- It has been widely accepted that………..
- It is universally acknowledged that…………
- It keeps my argument that………….(我认为….)
(2)同位语从句
eg1.
The matter that he managed to find a girlfriend makes his superiors rejoiced.
同位语从句即可放在它所解释的词后,也可以放在整句话后
eg2.
Nothing can hide the truth that she is getting old.
eg3.
The outlook proves wrong that people in HN seem all deceivers.
eg4.
The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms indicates that kids should by no means be spoiled by the in senior citizens.
2.长难句分析
能够识别各个名词性从句,并且能通顺的翻译出来。
(1)如何识别主语从句
- 只要见到有引导词放在句首,并且从句后没有被逗号隔开,就一定是主语从句,主语从句从句首开始,到主句谓语动词结束。
- 除此以外,在分析长难句中,遇到It…….that………,通常都是主语从句,主语从句从that开始到句末结束。
(2)如何识别宾语从句
- 只要实义动词后面有引导词,就暂定是宾语从句。
(3)如何识别表语从句
- 只要系动词后面有引导词就是表语从句
(4)如何识别同位语从句
- 只要名词后面有引导词,就暂定为同位语从句。
四、定语和定语从句
(一)什么是定语
定语就是修饰名词的成分。只要听到…..的+名词,….的就是这个名词的定语成分。
(二)定语的成分
1.形容词作定语
eg1.
The innocent nightingale died.
The nightingale brave and innocent died.
2.名词(短语)作定语
eg1.The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
3.介词短语作定语
eg1.The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.
4.非谓语动词作定语
eg1.The singing nightingale lost his life.
5.从句作定语
eg1.The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
(三)定语的位置
前小后大:当一个单词修饰名词的时候,通常放在名词前;当多个单词修饰名词,通常放在名词后。
eg1.
This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.
The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.
The boy rejected looks pitiful. 当过去分词作定语通常放在名词后。
I have something important to tell you.当形容词修饰不定代词时,即使只有一个单词,通常也放在名词后。
(四)定语从句
1.定语从句的构成
名词(先行词)+引导词+句子
2.定语从句的引导词
引导词按照先行词种类分类:
- 人:who,whom,whose
- 物:that,which,whose
- 时间:that,which,when
- 地点:that,which,where
- 原因:that,which,why
到底是谁决定定语从句引导词的用法:
- 先行词
- 引导词在从句中能够充当的成分
定语从句引导词新的分类标准,按照引导词本身的词性分类:
- 代词(在从句中充当主语或者宾语):who,whom,that,which
- 副词(在从句中不充当成分):where,when,why
- 形容词(在从句中修饰离它最近的名词):whose
(五)定语从句特殊用法
1.that作引导词
that在引导定语从句时,在从句充当宾语,that可以省略。(自己写作文不要省)
在分析长难句时,如果见到有两个名词或者代词直接放在一起,中间没有被连词或者标点符号隔开,通常都是省略that的定语从句。
eg1.I enjoy the book my mother bought for me.
2.区别限制和非限制性定语从句
非限制有逗号,限制没有逗号。
在分析长难句的时候,非限制性定语从句就相当于插入语,可以不看。
3.先行词与引导词之间有介词
人:whom
物:which
4.区别the same….as;the same …..that引导的定语从句
eg1.
He is the same man as I love.(他就像我爱的男人)
He is the same man that I love.(他就是我爱的男人)
5.as和which引导的非限制性定语从句
which引导的非限制定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子。as也可以,但是which只能放在主句的后面,而as则可前可后。
eg1.He enjoy talking with young ladies,which drives me mad.
(六)区别定语从句和同位语从句
1.相同点
都是先行词+引导词+句子
2.不同点
- 看从句本身的意思,定语从句是对前面名词的修饰,而同位语从句是对前面句子的解释。
- 看引导词that在从句中是否充当成分,如果充当成分就是定语从句,否则就是同位语从句。
- 定语从句的先行词可以是所有的名词,而同位语从句只能是抽象名词。
- 定语从句引导词共有8个,而同位语引导词一般都是that。
(七)定语从句的难点
寻找先行词
定语从句的先行词就是离它最近的名词。
定语从句的先行词是它前面的几个并列的名词。
定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句。
定语从句的先行词是它前面的整个句子。
定语从句的先行词和引导词被隔开。
英汉差异对比:
英语意合,汉语形合
A:句子结构上 B:逻辑关系词使用上
汉语主动,英语被动
汉语多短句,英语多长句
(八)定语从句的考点
1.长难句分析
能够找到一句话的定语成分,并且把它们通顺的翻译出来。
找定语的关键是找名词。只要名词后有东西,不是动词,暂定是定语,定语从名词后开始,到主句的谓语动词结束。主句谓语动词在定语前,定语从名词后到句末结束,如果有连词的话,到连词之前结束。
五、状语和状语从句
(一)形容词、副词的成分
1.形容词
- 放在系动词后作表语
- 放在名词前作定语
2.副词
- 修饰实义动词
- 修饰形容词
- 修饰副词
- 修饰句子
副词无论在哪都是作状语
(二)什么是状语
1.状语的含义
状语就是在一个句子中,用来修饰实义动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子的成分。
状语除了名词不能修饰,其他都能修饰。
2.状语的成分
- 副词
- 介词短语
- 非谓语动词
- 从句
3.状语的位置
随便放
(三)状语从句
状语从句的引导词是以引导词本身的意思分的类,共9类。
1.时间状语从句
(1)引导词
- when=while=as 当while翻译成“当….的时候”,后面要跟进行时态。
- before
- after
- since “自从”,主句为完成时态
- the moment=as soon as “那一刻”
- by the time
- until “直到….才”
- not ……..until “直到….才”
(2)状语从句的时态问题
在所有状语从句中,如果主句的动作和从句的动作尚未发生的话,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来。
(3)区别 until 和 not….until
看主句谓语是延续性动词还是瞬间动词,如果是延续性动词就用until,如果是瞬间动词就用not………until
eg1.
I didn’t realize the greatness of mothers until I grew up. 直到我长大我才意识到母亲的伟大。
(4)when引导的时间状语从句省略的情况
eg1.When a kid ,I enjoyed singing songs.
when引导的时间状语从句,如果主句的主语与从句主语一致,并且从句的谓语中有be动词,此时从句的主语和be动词可以省略。
2.地点状语从句
(1)引导词
where
作地点状语的通常都是介词短语,很少是从句。
3.原因状语从句
(1)引导词
- because “因为”
- since
- in that
- seeing that
- considering that
- now that
- given that
(2)for(连词)
(3)介词短语
- because of “因为”
- due to
- owing to
- thanks to
- for the sake of
- as a result of
eg1.
He had a car accident because he was careless.
He had a car accident for he was careless.
He had a car accident because of his careless.
4.目的状语从句
(1)引导词
动词不定式:
to
in order to + 动词原形
so as to
so that 表示目的放在句末,不放在句首
in order that
eg1.(farther物理距离远/further抽象远)
We will ascend higher in order to overlook farther.
We will ascend higher in order that we overlook farther.
5.结果状语从句
(1)引导词
- so……+形容词/副词+….that….. (替换 very)
- such……+名词+….that……
eg1.
It feels so hot today that I wear my dress.
作文中所有出现形容词和副词的地方都可以用到so that 句型
6.让步状语从句
(1)引导词
- although
- though
- even though 虽然/尽管
- even if
- as
- while 当翻译“虽然/尽管”只能放在句首,不能放在句中
as 引导的让步状语从句,从句的表语可以放在句首引起部分倒装。
eg1.
She looks like a beauty,although
7.方式状语从句
(1)引导词
- as
- the way 好像/似乎
- as if/though
8.条件状语从句
(1)引导词
- suppose that
- supposing that
- if
- unless
- provided that
- as long as
- so long as
9.比较状语从句
(1)引导词
- as …….as………
- 比较结构
eg1.
You are as beautiful as I.
(四)状语考点分析
1.写作
作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以加一个状语把句子拉长。
eg1.
One can live as if he were a pig. Conversely,he can never be as delighted as a pig.
2.长难句分析
能够识别状语,并通顺的把它翻译出来。
一句话当中,除了句子主干和定语以外,只要在句子中见到以下东西,就是状语:
- 副词
- 比较,条件,结果,原因,让步,目的,方式状语从句
- 伴随状语
时间、地点不在名词后,一定是状语。
名词+时间/地点 (容易混淆)
I love a boy in Zhejiang Universities.
如果无法确定定语还是状语的时候,定语优先原则。只有翻译成定语不通顺的时候,才翻译成状语。
3.补充as
- as+名词(“作为”)
- v+…名词….+as “取决于动词意思”
- as+句子 引导状语从句:“当……时候/因为/虽然/好像”
4.补充than
- not so much as =not even 甚至不/没有
- not so much A as B 与其说A不如说B
- more A than B 与其说B不如说A
- more than (+名词 不仅仅是) (+副词/形容词 非常) (+数词 多余)
六、特殊结构
(一)强调句型
1.构成
It is ……..that………..
eg1.
I met my old flame in the street yesterday.
It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday. 和过去式有关就用was,其他用is
It was my old flame that I met in the street yesterday.
(二)倒装
1.什么是倒装
倒装就是把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式,也就是给一句话加个助动词或把be动词放在句首。
2.具体用法
(1)否定词放在句首用倒装
eg1.
I can hardly speak Japanese.
Hardly can I speak Japanese.
(2)so、nor、neither位于句首,表明承前句子的肯定或者否定时用倒装
(3)含有so………that………结构的句子将so引导的部分置于句首时用倒装
(4)only引出的状语位于句首时用倒装
(5)as引导让步状语从句,从句的表语可以放在句首构成倒装
(6)省略if的虚拟语气用倒装
(三)虚拟语气
1.什么是虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示与事实相反或者语气委婉
2.用法
(1)一般用法
if引导的条件状语从句
eg1.
If you were a tear in my eyes,I would never shed it.
If I had been a dog,I could have slept with you.
写成正常句子后,变成过去时(满分句型)
(2)特殊用法
- 以下情况从句用“should + 动词”表示虚拟,并且should可以省略(自己写不省)。
以防:incase、lest、for fear that
命令:order、direct、command
建议:advise、suggest、propose
要求:ask、request、demand、require
用虚拟
是必要的:It is necessary/important that
eg1.
Incase that you should develop fetal infections,you had better stay at home.
- 以下情况用过去时表示虚拟,
would rather 和 It is high time that………
- 以下情况区别对待:就是把它本来时态写成过去式就行了。
wish,if only,but for,or/otherwise,as if/as though等
3.情态动词
表名说话人主观态度的词汇(没有动作,不能充当谓语),情态动词相当于助动词+动词原形
(1)表示对现在和将来的推测:情态动词+动词原形
(2)表示对过去的推测:
eg1.
He must have been self-biased in his university. 一定做过某事must have done
You need not have shown your love in this way. 本没必要做某事,但是做了need not have done
I could have become a prominent poet. 本能做某事但却没有做,表示遗憾could have done
We should have got married if there exists a chance. 本应该做某事但是没有做。should have done
must的否定=can‘t must not表示禁止
备注:
单数 | 第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 |
---|---|---|---|
主格(主语) | I | you | he、she、it |
宾格(宾语) | me | you | him、her、it |
物主代词(定语) | my | your | his、her、its |
复数 | 第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 |
---|---|---|---|
主格(主语) | we | you | they |
宾格(宾语) | us | you | them |
物主代词(定语) | our | your | their |
过去 | 现在 | 将来 | 过去将来 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
一般 | did | do/does | will/shall do | would/should do |
进行 | was/were doing | am/is/are doing | will/shall be doing | would/should be doing |
完成 | had done | has/have done | will/shall have done | would/should have done |
完成进行 | had been doing | has/have been doing | will/shall have been doing | would/should have been doing |